NL, by the Krom fragment

The class NL: the problems definable in the Krom fragment SO-Krom of existential second-order logic (DescriptiveComplexity.SigmaSOKromDefinable), which captures nondeterministic logarithmic space on ordered structures (Grädel 1992). This is the same move as defining PTIME by the Horn fragment and NP by Σ₁-definability: the class is a definition, not an axiom, and it is a bona fide DescriptiveComplexity.ComplexityClass because SO-Krom definability is closed under (ordered) first-order reductions – the Krom shape survives the pullback, see DescriptiveComplexity.SecondOrderKromPull.

NL is not a level of the polynomial hierarchy of DescriptiveComplexity.Hierarchy, which is why it lives in its own file. What relates it to that hierarchy are two theorems that are not free here:

• NL ⊆ PTIME has no syntactic route: a Krom kernel is not a Horn kernel (Horn clauses may be wide, Krom clauses may have two positive literals), so the inclusion is not an instance of “restrict the kernel further”. It goes through the complete problem instead, and is proved downstream with 2SAT (DescriptiveComplexity.NL_subset_PTIME, with DescriptiveComplexity.NL_subset_NP in its wake): 2SAT is in PTIME by a Horn program that guesses reachability in the implication graph and rejects, by a goal clause, the instances where a variable reaches its own negation and back.
• NL = coNL (Immerman–Szelepcsényi) is not the definitional duality that gives PiP k from SigmaP k: the complement of an SO-Krom definable problem is not obviously SO-Krom definable. It is a genuine theorem, and the reason the fixpoint logic FO(TC) is still wanted even once this fragment exists – the inductive-counting proof is naturally a statement about FO(TC), and that is where it is proved (DescriptiveComplexity.TCDefinable.compl), reaching this fragment through the two translations as DescriptiveComplexity.NL_eq_coNL in DescriptiveComplexity.ImmermanSzelepcsenyi.

Note that the containment SO-Krom ⊆ NL on the machine side already uses Immerman–Szelepcsényi: satisfiability of a 2-CNF is the complement of a reachability condition on the implication graph. Nothing in this library depends on that, since NL is defined by the fragment rather than by a machine; it is why the fragment is the right primitive here.

noncomputable def DescriptiveComplexity.NL : ComplexityClass

The class NL: the problems definable in the Krom fragment SO-Krom of existential second-order logic, which captures nondeterministic logarithmic space on ordered structures (Grädel 1992).

Hardness is stated cofinally, exactly as for the other classes of this library (DescriptiveComplexity.CofinalHard), which is the usual notion, DescriptiveComplexity.hard_NL_iff.

Equations

• One or more equations did not get rendered due to their size.

@[reducible, inline]

noncomputable abbrev DescriptiveComplexity.coNL : ComplexityClass

coNL, the complement class of NL. That it coincides with NL is Immerman–Szelepcsényi, not proved here (see the module docstring).

Equations

• DescriptiveComplexity.coNL = DescriptiveComplexity.NL.compl